Friday, March 18, 2022

Types of research : Research Methodology

 Types of Research :



Hello , 


I'm Bhumika Mahida , here I'm going to write a blog on the topic " Types of Research", which is included with my earlier blog " Critical analysis of the novel Revolution 2020" which is assigned by Miss Vaidehi Hariyani. So , let's begin…



What is research?


Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.


Research is conducted with a purpose to:


  • Identify potential and new customers

  • Understand existing customers

  • Set pragmatic goals

  • Develop productive market strategies

  • Address business challenges

  • Put together a business expansion plan

  • Identify new business opportunities 


Types of research:



Qualitative methods:


Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.


Quantitative methods:


Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon. 


Types of quantitative methods include:


  • Survey research

  • Descriptive research

  • Correlational research


Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.




Thank you…

Thinking Activity : Research Methodology

 Critical analysis of the Novel Revolution 2020



Hello , I'm Bhumika Mahida , here I'm going to write a blog for the task Research Paper of "Research Methodology" which is assigned by Miss Vaidehi Hariyani. So , let's begin…



"Critical analysis of the Novel Revolution 2020"



Abstract:


The word revolution comes from the Latin word ‘ revolvere’. It means a change in the way a country is governed, usually by a different political system and often using violence and war. Revolution-2020 happens in three stages in Chetan Bhagat’s novel and is listed as love, ambition and corruption in the novel of Revolution-2020.  All these three stages are played by Gopal, Aarti and Raghav -characters in the novel. Their journey starts from the sacred city of Varanasi. Here the ambition of Gopal’s father is to make his son an engineer but Gopal’s passion is different. He meets a politician and opens a technical institute, initiating corruption. Raghav is from a middle-class family and cracks the IIT entrance test but his passion is to be a press reporter writing against corruption and how it has polluted the whole education system from top to bottom. Finally, the most beautiful girl friend of his, right from school days, aspiring to become an air hostess the daughter of the District Magistrate (collector of Varnasi) loves Raghav but goes for outing with Gopal, which puzzles Gopal most of the time as to whom she loves. This paper analyses how the three stages of revolution as love, ambition and corruption play a crucial role in the lives of Gopal, Aarti and Raghav. 



Keywords: Love, Ambition, Corruption, Education system, Revolution, Passion, Latin word 

‘revolvere’ 



Introduction:


Ever, it would not maybe be a simple exaggeration if expressed that - writing and history are especially firmly connected. Writing is known to speak to history with no misrepresentation or a predisposition of the mentality up. What's more, history is no preferable depicted in Indian writing over in the books that have given life much love, agony, fondness and regard. The historical backdrop of Indian books is practically the embodied blossoming of Indian history itself that can be clarified as under. History of Indian books is horribly and wonderfully in light of and interlinked with the definition and outline of the Indian journalists, be it in the local or in the English dialect.The cutting edge Indian scholars writing in English have been all around reared and mannered to luxuriously speak to the authentic episodes and occasions in their works, consistently. It is currently troublesome for an author to get away from the major recorded occasions. Chronicled occasions and groundbreaking happenings are one such space, which has right off the bat been reflected in writing, for the most part through treatises, articles and obviously, books. In that capacity, Indian books and Indian history had started to as of now occur since the pre-memorable ages, when novel-composition was still particularly in its being born, little child state. The considerable ascent of Indian writing in English and the novelistic convention in the English dialect is a topic that had arrived substantially later, decisively soon after the British Raj and ensuing Indian Independence. Forgetting the ascent of the Hindu decision lines amid the antiquated to late old period and the medieval period, to some end had seen the improvement of novel and exposition composing. Be that as it may, a considerable chronicled period for Indian books had introduced a sort of `renaissance `in a fairly high-flying sense, with the introduction of the Indian Independence development under the British Empire. 


Chetan Bhagat is a renowned Indian creator who penned down books that hit the market with incredible achievement. Every one of them was successes since their discharge and has been shot by well-known Bollywood executives. Chetan Bhagat is thought an adolescent symbol as opposed to only a creator. With his distinctive and silly method for delineating stories, he has encouraged perusing propensities in numerous youthful Indians. He is additionally a decent editorialist and composes segments for some driving daily papers. Appropriately his books are stimulation instruments through which he communicates his perspectives and assessments about society and the young. Improvement issues, national issues are tended to through segments. Chetan's segments are composed in a way that specifically calls attention to the issues inside our nation and in ordinarily they have even activated dialogs in the Parliament. Chetan isn't just a decent author yet additionally a motivational speaker and has given numerous motivational talks at many schools, universities, associations and organizations.


Chetan Bhagat was conceived in New Delhi in a white collar class punjabi family on the 22nd day of April in 1974. His dad was an Army man and his mom who was a government employee. The significant piece of his training was in Delhi. He learned at the Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan in New Delhi, amid the years 1978 to 1998 after which he did Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Delhi. In the wake of seeking after designing he grabbed an administration program offered at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) in Ahmedabad. Being an exceptional understudy, it was no big surprise; he was perceived as the ‘Best Outgoing Student’ of his group by IIM Ahmadabad. He later got hitched to Anusha Suryanarayanan in 1998; she was his kindred understudy at IIM-A. 


Chetan at that point went to Hong Kong alongside his family and functioned as a venture investor with Goldman Sachs. He worked in Hong Kong for a long time and afterward moved to Mumbai and began composing. It was his obsession. He has seven books against his name: Five Point Someone (2004), One Night @ The Call Center (2005), The Three Mistakes of My Life (2008) and Two States (2009), Revolution-2020 (2011), Half Girlfriend (2014), One Indian Girl (2016). He has investigated all perspectives relating to youthful age running from sentiment, experience, social issues, training framework and nature of work done in multinational organizations influencing their life alongside their generous arrangements. 


Chetan Bhagat has received the innovative propriety of composing books in English like his forerunners, for example, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao, yet this slant of Chetan Bhagat to depict Indian reality can be viewed as even an expansion and in part killing of his prompt antecedents like Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy who changed the substance of Indian English novel with their diligent routine with regards to shattering the standard of westernized looking as 'other' and 'substandard' talked about in Edward Said's acclaimed treatise Orientalism since he is by all accounts embracing cosmopolitan standard of composing, destroying all the semantic and geological obstructions.


Chetan Bhagat's most recent novel ' Revolution-2020' is the narrative of three companions from the holy city of Varanasi and the biography is typically a romantic tale or rather an adoration triangle including Gopal and adolescence companions Raghav and Aarti from the city of Varanasi. They learn at Sunbeam school in Varanasi. The three heroes have a place with various classes. Gopal is poor, Raghav has a place with a white collar class family while Aarti is fortunate. All the three important characters have solid aspirations in life. Both the male heroes begin to look all starry eyed at a similar young lady. Gopal needs to gain cash and Raghav sustains greater thoughts and needs to make a transformation which requests relinquish of individual emotions.


The novel is only a romantic tale as while addressing India Real Time (IRT) Bhagat himself states honestly when you read 'Revolutio-2020' you understand which isn't so political yet 80% romantic tale and the rest is about the issues I am talking about. 'Revolution-2020' which is near my heart to convey something. In any case, in the event that you concentrate on the foundation exercises and all other minor angles, you will find that the 

story begins from debasement however it is by all accounts a joke or understudies pastime. Taking and eating the cake of Aarti demonstrates the goal of both Gopal and Raghav. Gopal needs have an entire cake while Raghav says not to have the entire cake what she brought. It's not reasonable. Raghav says to cut it into two and take one and rest abandon it. They submit an error by leaving the chocolate recolored ruler on the seat by which they are gotten. This is the training in all defilement and unlawful issues in which the convict abandons some sign. This scene takes after with Shukla's scene where he is gotten and rebuffed like Gopal. 


"You want me to walk home alone?’ 

‘Take a rickshaw’, I said. 

She grabbed my wrist ‘You are coming with me right now’. She held my 

hand and swung it back and forth as I walked her home, 

I wanted to tell her not to hold my hand anymore; it is fine at twelve, not at 

 seventeen. Even though I liked It more at seventeen than at twelve. 

 ‘What?' she said, 'Why are you staring? I am only holding your hand, so that 

you don't run away". (page.22)


The unpredictable ' Revolution-2020' talks roughly how Gopal shows not straightforwardly his warmth on Aarti however Chetan Bhagat clarifies the subculture of the general public to cover their loving minutes in Varanasi .Due to the reality Indian subculture is entirely unexpected from western custom. Gopal needs Aarti keep up his fingers anyway he says that it's miles top of the line at twelve, now not at seventeen regardless of the way that he enjoys it more prominent at seventeen than at twelve as a result of their age and hormone arrange. It's miles logically demonstrated that a logical reason nestling brings about better closeness among friends and family! Substantial touch with somebody you adore reasons your body to dispatch dopamine and a hormone that will build your sexual decision and when your body's wants for touch aren't satisfied, the bond you involvement with your family might need to experience. 


Chetan Bhagat underlines the training device has ended up being degenerate. Instructive establishments profit and give a social notoriety. Money, there's huge cash in non-government funded schools and it improvements their bringing in the public eye. Presently the respectable individuals are in tutoring. Inside the general public, the vast majority of the general population like rowdies, dealers, uneducated individuals, and government officials are arranging scholastic organizations. Understanding inside the general public alcohol nobles are walking universities like legislators, manufacturers, beady-producers be that as it may on the off chance that anyone with appreciate in a shady business do just legitimately in tutoring. Gopal and Mishra are the heroes of the offbeat Revolution -2020. He is a terrible man who has finished higher auxiliary polish when his dad passes on. His dad has acquired a great deal money from recognized and obscure individuals, so every one of his obligations has fallen on Gopal's head. He does now not understand the best approach to settle the obligation.


The Ganga Movement Plan, MLA has stolen Ganga movement design's money and he's building another designing college. However individuals know about late building college that opens inside the city finish of debasement cash which is designated a store for Ganga movement design. The central clergyman goes to initiate this college yet he drop after this data transformed into posted. In any case, the instruction serve has opened the Ganga Tech College. After that Gopal, executive of Ganga Tech goes to meet a daily paper and the business administrator of the daily paper to influence a partnership amongst Gopal and the daily paper to organization. On the off chance that Gopal gives tons money they will be set up to distribute fantastic articles roughly Ganga Tech College however paying a touch additional reserve to the essayist who can set up colossal articles about his college and furthermore he gets a picture inside the general public and have turned into a win-win-association. 


In India, numerous daily papers are distributing data for government officials and it conceals their bad conduct and auxiliary acts. Indeed, even some upright daily papers submit stories about the debasement of legislators; however government officials without a doubt give explanations that this data is printed by utilizing the voice of the of opposite party. They broadcast to keep the false news which is contrary to them and it isn't the journalist's data yet the restriction party must do this. Along these lines, the correspondent has been charged by political occasions. Raghav who is a star correspondent of Dainik has been forgotten about for this news. Government officials give more cash through promotions to daily papers, so data organizations do now not flip against lawmakers. However Raghav has started new daily paper named Revolution-2020.


This novel moreover uncovered the machine of choice for heads and educators. The genuine pressure of the college expert is the manner by which to claim them. They might be even adapted to go to the homes of executives and educators. They sense no wavering in settling the arrangement with the executives and teachers. Debasement isn't best in the universities and its chiefs however additionally among the instructors. The author also uncovered how the compensation of the instinct is settled.


Raghav expects to convey perfect world inside the general public through influencing the general public to free from tricks, misbehaviours and debasement. He is by all accounts the honest to goodness illustrative of Chetan Bhagat himself. The author seems to energize the more young innovation to ponder thought on country, defilement and mission. The message of the unpredictable is completely clear, that on the off chance that one needs to be a superb person, it isn't important to be an IITian or a scholastic topper. Goodness continually exists in people. In a genuine set up-forefront encounter, Chetan Bhagat goes about as a social portrayer or pundit, featuring the greater issues of the Indian coextensive society.


Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition is an exceptional delineation of ways of life in a distribute contemporary globalized country where the contraption seems, by all accounts, to be fast declining and set for a descending winding toward racket. In the novel, Chetan Bhagat depicts a reasonable picture of current India by recording the changing over Indian social and political scene with mindfully developing the invented characters for creative capacities to trade India inside the new way. It's far a totally one of a kind commitment by method for the author, in the domain of fiction.



Conclusion:


Chetan Bhagat rises as a maker of striking moral and social esteems. He has fantastic regard for social and good obligations of the people. He commits himself in spreading his message of social duties towards society and kingdom in a straight way. He needs to see India free from any type of defilement. He additionally trusts that with a perfect arrangement of qualities, change is certain. He composes; accordingly, change will happen best if everybody goes to a choice to trade together. He is exceptionally sure and certain with respect to the trade inside the general public. He comments, would we be able to change this? Of course, we will. Society exchanges, notwithstanding assuming gradually. 



Bibliography:


Chetan Bhagat’s Revolution 2020: A Novel on Love, Corruption and,Ambition ,Talluri Mathew Bhaskar, International journal of Arts, Humanities and Management 

Studies, Volume 01, No.10, October 2015.


http:www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitical/sociopol_globalupaising61.htm,Thee Three Stages of A Revolution, www.bibliotecapleyades.net.


http:www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275361.php.social media: how does it affect our mental health and well-being? By Honor Whiteman.


An analysis of chetan bhagat’s 2 states: the story of my marriage ,Dr. Rajani Sharma,Research Scholar, An International Refereed e-Journal of Literary Explorations,

Vol. 2 Issue IV, November, 2014. 


Corruption in chetan bhagat’s revolution 2020,D. Nivas Chakravarthy, issn best: International Journal of Humanities, Arts,Medicine and Sciences (BEST: IJHAMS)Vol. 3, Issue 12, Dec 2015, 125-130. 




Thinking Activity : Unit-4 African Poetry

 Thinking Activity : Unit-4 African Poetry


Hello,


Here I'm going to write a blog on the task "African Poetry" which is assigned by Miss Yesha Bhatt.In this blog, I am going to write about the brief introduction of the poem ‘Vultures’ by Chinua Achebe and the brief summary of one article related to it. So let's begin…



Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist and poet, considered one of the most important writers of the twentieth century. He is best known for his debut novel Things Fall Apart (1958), which is the most widely read novel in modern African literature.


'Vultures' by Chinua Achebe:


'Vultures’ by Chinua Achebe describes the vultures in such a disparaging and grim fashion that could be construed as a metaphor for the people responsible for the atrocities in Belsen and in particular the “Commandant” .Chinua Achebe’s ‘Vultures’ is a gritty poem that is hard to read due to the harrowing subject matter. By using several visual and olfactory imagery, Achebe creates a dark and filthy environment in the poem. It depicts a truthful picture of the Belsen concentration camp. The commandant, in the poem, is none other than a representative of a class, who selflessly thinks of his own family even if thousands of families are rotting just around him. The fetid smell of rotting humanity inside him gets featured through the imagery of the vultures. 



Article title: Chinua Achebe's 'Vultures'


'Vultures' is an expression of Achebe's horror at the obscenity of the civil war of 1967-70, which erupted when the eastern part of Nigeria tried to become the independent state of Biafra. Achebe was working for the Biafran government at the time and witnessed the suffering, violence, and brutality of this bloody war. The rebel nation was starved into submission and in 1971 Achebe published a volume of poetry Beware Soul Brother, dealing with war and its legacy. It is, at present, his only book of poems and was published in the USA as Christmas in Biafra. 'Vultures' is one of the poems in the second section of the book, which deals with the aftermath of war. 


He also talks about the paradox in the poem by saying that the title 'Vultures' immediately carries with it a host of repulsive, horrific, and frightening associations, which Achebe expands upon in the main body of the poem. The very awkwardness of these birds is mirrored in the poem's irregular structure. The vulture has an ungainly, shuffling gait, head bobbing, neck pulsating, eyes never leaving sight of its victim. Its jerky movements seem to be almost an apology for its repugnant opportunism.


Achebe takes an image of this creature and its natural behavior as a metaphor for the paradox of man's simultaneous capacity for good and evil. He then explores this paradox more explicitly, reflecting on the fact that good and evil, love and hate, kindness and cruelty can exist together in one being. The poem is set in a country where unburied corpses lie in ditches. Although the background is the Nigerian civil war, the Belsen concentration camp is brought into the poem as a reminder of European atrocities; the issues here are universal. The poem is structured in the form of an argument. Achebe's consideration of the phenomenon of evil in our lives is reminiscent of some of Edwin Muir's philosophical poems in which Muir examines the sudden lurch towards evil. In 'The Good Town' Muir conveys the same bewilderment when he asks: 'How did it come?' and goes on to ask the unthinkable: 'Could it have come from us?' Likewise, Achebe finds it 'Strange/indeed' that love can exist alongside hatred and brutality.



Thank you …


Words

613

Characters

3009








Thinking Activity : Unit-2 Translation Studies

 Thinking Activity: Comparative Literature and Translation Studies - Unit 2 


Hello, 


Here I'm going to write a blog on "Susan Bassnett, “What is Comparative Literature Today?” Comparative Literature: A Critical Introduction. 1993." and "Todd Presner, ‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline’ in Ali Behdad and Thomas eds. A Companion to Comparative Literature’ 2011, 193- 207" . So let's begin…



"Thinking Activity: Comparative Literature and Translation Studies Unit 2" : 


Abstract:


There have been various definitions of comparative literature, which greatly varies from one scholar to another, but they all agree that it is one of the most modern literary sciences. Throughout the past two decades, new critical theories, such as gender-based criticism, translation studies, deconstruction and Orientalism, have changed approaches to literature and accordingly have had a profound impact on the work of the comparatists.  "Everywhere there is connection, everywhere there is illustration," as Matthew Arnold puts it. According to Susan Bassnett, everybody who is interested in books is on the path to comparative literature.  We come upon Boccaccio while reading Chaucer. Shakespeare's primary materials may be traced back to Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian. We can see how Baudelaire's affinity for Edgar Allan Poe influenced his own writing. Consider how many English authors learnt from the great Russian writers of the nineteenth century. We may compare James Joyce's borrowing and lending to Italo Svevo. Clarice Lispector reminds us of Jean Rhys, who in turn reminds us of Djuna Barnes and Anais Nin. 


Key Arguments:


  • Comparative Literature revolves around the study of literature outside the borders of one particular culture, the study of relations between literature on the one hand and other areas of human expression such as philosophy on the other hand. Critics have also related it to history as it examines the convergence (junction) of different literatures and its historical aspects of influence, considering that Comparative Literature is the essence of the history of literature, beyond the scope of one culture or language.

  • Another arguments is there west students of 1960 claimed that comparative literature could be put in single boundaries for comparative literature study, but she says that there is no particular method used for claiming.

  • What is the object of the study in comparative literature? 

  • How can comparison be the objective of anything?

  • If individual literatures have canon, what might a comparative canon be? 

  • How can be comparatist select what to compare ? 

  • Is comparative literature a discipline? Or is it simply a field of study ?


Analysis:


Comparative Literature is an inevitable stage in reading. To conduct a comparative analysis you should have already read for different prominent writers, for instance: Chaucer, Shakespeare, Baudelaire, Poe, Joyce, etc. Reading extensively means that you will be able to move across any frontiers as noted by Goethe through which you will be able to perceive culture differences. “Comparative Literature …will make high demands on the linguistic proficiencies of our scholars.It asks for a widening of perspectives, a suppression of local and provincial sentiments,not easy to achieve.”(Wellek and Warren,1949). The focus is no longer comparing texts and tracking patterns of influence, besides, new theories emerged like: Structuralism, deconstructionism, semiology, psychoanalysis, etc. Comparative Literature, cross-cultural criticism, has lost ground in the West and it is no longer a binary study as many comparatists are approaching many challenges and it is being compared to translation studies, which are significantly important at times of great cultural changes. The long unresolved debate is on whether CL is or is not a discipline in its own right. There is no notion here that national literature and comparative literature are irreconcilable. The argument is significant because it helps to remind us of the roots of the word Comparative Literature in Europe, a phrase that originally originated during a period of national conflict, when new limits were being established. The issue of national culture and identity was then debated throughout Europe and the United States.


Conclusion:


Translation Studies has progressed to the point that many people regard it as a distinct field in its own right. Work in linguistics, literary studies, history, anthropology, psychology, and sociology all contribute to Translation Studies. It makes the daring claim that translation is not a peripheral activity, but rather a key shaping agent for change in cultural history. Translation has historically been claimed as a sub-category in comparative literature, although this assumption is currently being challenged. 



Todd Presner, ‘Comparative Literature

 in the Age of Digital Humanities: 

On Possible Futures for a Discipline’

 in Ali Behdad and Thomas eds. 

A Companion to Comparative Literature’ 2011, 193- 207 



Abstract:


After five hundred years of print and the massive transformations in society and  culture that it unleashed, we are in the midst of another watershed moment in human  history that is on par with the invention of the printing press or perhaps the discovery  of the New World. This article focuses on the questions like  it is essential that humanists assert and insert themselves into  the twenty - first century cultural wars, which are largely being defined, fought, and  won by corporate interests. 


Key Arguments:


Comparative Literature since they raise questions that have formed  the methodological, disciplinary, and institutional foundation of a wide - range of  academic fi elds in the Humanities, including history and art history, literary and  cultural studies, and the humanistic social sciences, such as anthropology, archaeology,  and information studies. Comparative Media Studies  thus enables us to return to some of the most fundamental questions of our fi eld with  new urgency: Who is an author? What is a work? What constitutes a text, particularly  in an environment in which any text is readerly and writerly by potentially anyone? Comparative Data Studies allows us to use the computational  tools of cultural analytics to enhance literary scholarship precisely by creating models,  visualizations, maps, and semantic webs of data that are simply too large to read or  comprehend using unaided human faculties. My point here is not to pitch “ close ”  hermeneutical readings against “ distant ” data mappings, but rather to appreciate the  synergistic possibilities between a hyper - localized, deep analysis and a macrocosmic  view.


Analysis:


Body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could  not conveniently be presented or represented on paper [ … ] Such a system could grow  indefinitely, gradually including more and more of the world ’ s written knowledge.   (Nelson, 2004: pp. 134 – 145). James Boyle points out, there are many corporate entities eager to regulate the public domain and control the “ commons of the mind. ” 10 For Boyle, the real  danger is not unauthorized file sharing but “ failed sharing ” due to enclosures and  strictures placed upon the world of the creative commons (Boyle, 2008 : p. 182). Scholars such as McKenzie Wark and  Kathleen Fitzpatrick have even “ published ” early versions of their entire books on  Commentpress.Lev Manovich and Noah  Wardrip - Fruin, the field of “ cultural analytics ” has emerged over the past five years  to bring the tools of high - end computational analysis and data visualization to dissect  large - scale cultural datasets. Jerome McGann argues with  regard to the first in his elegant analysis of “ radiant textuality, ” the differences  between the codex and the electronic versions of the Oxford English Dictionary. 


Conclusion:


After discussing various arguments, we come to know that to date, it has more than three million content pages, more than three hundred  million edits, over ten million registered users, and articles in forty - seven languages  (Wikipedia Statistics). This is a massive achievement for eight years of work. Wikipedia  represents a dynamic, flexible, and open - ended network for knowledge creation and  distribution that underscores process, collaboration, access, interactivity, and creativity, with an editing model and versioning system that documents every contingent  decision made by every contributing author. At this moment in its short life, Wikipedia  is already the most comprehensive, representative, and pervasive participatory platform for knowledge production ever created by humankind.  

 



Thank you…



Words

1318

Characters

7369

Thinking Activity : Unit-1 : Translation Studies

 Thinking Activity : Unit -1 translation studies


Hello ,


Here I'm going to write a blog on , "1)Why comparative Indian Literature?" And "Amiya Dev, "Comparative Literature in India." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000)" . So , let's begin…


Abstract:


The article is about Indian literature and why comparative Indian literature is necessary for the whole culture. Laudable though these attempts are in discovering the basic unity of the Indian creative mind,They are made at the risk of ignoring the plurality of expressions in our creative life.some so many scholars are talking about comparative Indian Literature.It is also talking about commonwealth literature.The article is also talking about Indian nation oneness & Indian language & Multilinguistic. 


Key Arguments :


  • The world is Flat by Thomas Friedman.


  • The world is political.


  • The effect of Globalisation .


Analysis:


The time of Globalisation.The Globalisation of in-laws and Human rights should be Global.The major issue of climate change.The difference between multiculturalism & parallelism.



Conclusion:


If we can talk about comparative literature so we can get the idea that it is global and focus on Multiculturalism and it is a test of time. In language, there are two multi-languages. Also, there are two systems of knowledge to get an idea of civilization. 



Amiya Dev, "Comparative Literature in India." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000) 



Abstract:


To Believers that write in Sanskrit but also in other languages. It has Direct relation with language.

It is talking about post-structuralism.He comes with the idea of inter-literary ness. There are comparisons of languages. 


Key Arguments:


  • It has Binary opposition,focusing on dialectics.

  • The concept of the Hegelian and Marxist approach.

  • Unity vs Diversity.


Analysis:


Apriori location of comparative Literature.

The problem of looking at Indian literature as written in a single language, Sanskrit.The single focus perspective is a result of both a colonial and post-colonial perspective.Gurbhagat singh” differential multilogue’’A problem about the concept of mutuality Question of situs location/stance.


Conclusion:


The people of India are working in 22 languages and there are 221 voices but there are some languages that are empty because of the importance of one language. Amiya Dev focuses on inter-literacy. Example: The people of Canada know only the Canadian language. Example: The people of Canada know only the Canadian language. French people know the french language. so, every country has its own diversity. 



Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta, “Comparative Literature in India: An Overview of its History”, Comparative Literature & World Literature, Volume 1 Number 1 Spring 2016 


Abstract:


The focus is on recovering new areas of non-hierarchical literary relations. An overview of the trajectory of Comparative Literature in India.  Rabindranath Tagore’s speech on World Literature and with a modern poet-translator as its founder. Gradually Indian literature began to receive prominence. While British legacies in the study of literature were evident in the early years, there were also subtle efforts towards a decolonizing process and an overall attempt to enhance and nurture creativity. Paradigms of approaches in comparative literary studies also shifted from influence and analogy studies to cross-cultural literary relations, to focus on reception and transformation.  


Key Arguments :


A question of linking social and historical structures with aesthetics to reveal the dialectic between them. The materiality of comparison, the multi-dimensional reality of questions related to self and the other and to arrive at networks of relationships on various levels. In the last few years, Comparative Literature has taken on new perspectives, engaging with different areas of culture and knowledge, particularly those related to marginalized spaces, along with the focus on recovering new areas of non-hierarchical literary relations.  


Analysis:


The idea of World literature gained ground towards the end of the nineteenth century when in Bengal, for instance, translation activities began to be taken up on a large scale and poets talked of establishing relations with the literature of the world to promote, as the eminent poet-translator Satyendranath Dutta in 1904 stated, “relationships of joy” (Dutta 124). Tagore used the word “Visva Sahitya” and stated that the word was generally termed “comparative literature. 


Conclusion:


In all its endeavors, however, the primary aim of some of the early architects of the discipline to nurture and foster creativity continues as a subterranean force.The comparatist works with the knowledge that a lot remains to be done and that the task of the construction of literary histories, in terms of literary relations among neighboring regions and of larger wholes one of the primary tasks of Comparative Literature today has yet perhaps to begin. 



Thank you…



Words

752

Characters

4227

Thinking Activity : unit -3 Translation Studies

 Thinking Activity : unit -3 Translation Studies 


Hello,


Here I'm going to write a blog on the topic "GN Devy, “Translation Theory: An Indian Perspective”, In Another Tongue: Essays on Indian English Literature. 1993" and "A.K. Ramanujan, “On Translating a Tamil Poem”, Collected Essays of A.K. Ramanujan, ed Vinay Dharwadkar. Oxford University Press, 1999" as a thinking Activity task . So let's begin…



GN Devy, “Translation Theory: An Indian Perspective”, In Another Tongue: Essays on Indian English Literature. 1993 


Abstract:


This article is about the role of translation in communicating literary movements across linguistic borders. According to J. Hillis Miller ‘Translation is the wandering existence of a text in a perpetual exile.’Chaucer, Dryden, and the Pope used the tool of translation to recover a sense of order. The tradition of Anglo-Irish literature branched out of translating Irish works into English.No critic has taken a well-defined position on the place of translations in literary history. Origins of literary movements and literary traditions inhabit various acts of translation. Translations are popularly perceived as unoriginal, not much thought has been devoted to the aesthetics of translation. 


Key Arguments:


  • J.C. Catford presents a comprehensive statement of theoretical formulation about the linguistics of translation in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, in which he seeks to isolate various linguistic levels of translation. His basic premise is that since translation is a linguistic act any theory of translation must emerge from linguistics: ‘Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another; clearly, then, any theory of translation must draw upon a theory of language – a general linguistic theory’ (Catford, 1965, p. vii).

  • During the nineteenth century, Europe had distributed various fields of humanistic knowledge into a threefold hierarchy:

  • comparative studies for Europe, Orientalism for the Orient, and anthropology for the rest of the world

  • After the ‘discovery’ of Sanskrit by Sir William Jones, historical linguistics in Europe depended heavily on Orientalism. And after Saussure and Lévi-Strauss, linguists started treating language with an anthropological curiosity. 


Analysis:


The translation is not a transposition of significance or signs. After the act of translation is over, the original work still remains in its original position. The translation is rather an attempted revitalization of the original in another verbal order and temporal space. Like literary texts that continue to belong to their original periods and styles and also exist through successive chronological periods, translation at once approximates the original and transcends it problems of the relationship between origins and sequentiality the very foundation of modern Indian literature was laid through acts of translation, whether by Jayadeva, Hemcandra, Michael Madhusudan Dutta, H.N. Apte, or Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. 


Conclusion:


The true test is the writer’s capacity to transform, to translate, to restate, to revitalize the original. And in that sense, Indian literary traditions are essentially traditions of translation. Comparative literature implies that between two related languages there are areas of significance that are shared, just as there may be areas of significance that can never be shared. When the soul passes from one body to another, it does not lose any of its essential significance. Indian philosophies of the relationship between form and essence, structure and significance are guided by this metaphysics .



A.K. Ramanujan, “On Translating a Tamil Poem”, Collected Essays of A.K. Ramanujan, ed Vinay Dharwadkar. Oxford University Press, 1999


Abstract:

We know now that no translation can be literal,' or 'word for word. That is where the impossibility lies. The only possible translation is a 'free' one. What is every day in one language must be translated by what is every day in the 'target' language also, and what is eccentric must find equally eccentric equivalents. In this article, Ramanujan took various examples of Tamil poems that he translated into English and he described difficulties that he faced during translation. While translating the Tamil poem Ainkurunuru 203, He begins with the sounds. He finds that the sound system of Tamil is very different from English. For instance, Old Tamil has six nasal consonants: a labial, a dental, and alveolar, a retroflex, a palatal, and a velar-m, n, n, ñ, n, n-three of which are not distinctive in English. While translating the Tamil poem Ainkurunuru 203, He begins with the sounds. He finds that the sound system of Tamil is very different from English. For instance, Old Tamil has six nasal consonants: a labial, a dental, and alveolar, a retroflex, a palatal, and a velar-m, n, n, ñ, n, n-three of which are not distinctive in English. How shall we translate a six-way system into a three-way English system (m, n, n)? Tamil has long and short vowels, but English (or most English dialects) have diphthongs and glides. Tamil has no initial consonant clusters, but English abounds in them: 'school, scratch, splash, strike', etc. English words may end in stops, as in 'cut, cup, tuck,' etc.; Tamil words do not. 


Key Arguments:


  • Evans-Pritchard, the anthropologist, used to say: If you translate all the European arguments for atheism into Azande, they would come out as arguments for God in Azande. Such observations certainly disabuse us of the commonly-held notion of a literal translation.

  • Woollcott suggests that English does not have left-branching possibilities, but they are a bit abnormal.

  • Hopkins and Dylan Thomas used those possibilities stunningly, as we see in Thomas's 'A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London; both were Welshmen, and Welsh is a left-branching language. 


Analysis:


The collocations and paradigms make for metonymies and metaphors, multiple contextual meanings clusters special to each language, quite untranslatable into another language like Tamil. Even when the elements of a system may be similar in two languages, like father, mother, brother, mother-in-law, etc., in kinship, the system of relations and the feelings traditionally encouraged each Ali culturally relative are all sensitive and therefore part of I culturally onts and novelists. the expressive repertoire of Ramanujan took two differs and s poems about love (What She Said) and war (A Young Warrior) and made the point that when we move from one to the other we are struck by the associations across them forming a web not only of the aka and Puram genres. But also of the five landscapes.; with all their contents signifying moods. And the themes and motifs of love and war. Love and war become metaphors for one another. In the poem "A Leaf In Love And War" we see entwines the two themes of love and war in an ironic juxtaposition. A wreath of noise is worn by warriors in war poems a cocci leaf skirt is given by a lover to "his woman in a love poem." Example God Krishna: both lovers and warriors Ramanujan take a closer look at the original of Kapilar's poem Ainkurunuru 203. And he points out that The word annoy (in spoken Tamil, ammo), literally 'mother', is a familiar term of address for any woman, here a 'girl friend'. So I have translated it as 'friend', to make clear that the poem is not addressed to a mother (as some other poems are) but to a girlfriend. 


Conclusion:


May succeed only in representing the poem, not in closely representing it. At such times one draws consolation from parables like the following. If the representation in another language is not close enough, but still succeeds in 'carrying the poem in some sense, we will have two poems instead of one. The translation must not only represent,, but present, the original. One walks a tightrope between the To-language and the From-language, in a double loyalty. A translator is an artist on oath'.



Thank you…



Words 

1283

Characters

6754



Types of research : Research Methodology

  Types of Research : Hello ,  I'm Bhumika Mahida , here I'm going to write a blog on the topic " Types of Research", whic...